Boko haram, known for its contempt of western education, has attacked schools, churches and mosques and used children as suicide bombers in its bid to establish an islamic. Human rights are among the essentials of democracy and good governance. Boko haram has launched a series of attacks in northeast nigeria, hoisting its flags over several towns and overrunning a multinational military base militants from islamic state west africa. May 26, 2016 low levels of education and literacy in nigerias north east have been exacerbated by the boko haram insurgency. Earlier, boko haram hit the headquarters of the united nations in abuja, nigerias federal capital, in a suicide attack, leaving at least 23 people killed and more than 80 injured. From 200920, boko haram hasnt necessarily utilized selective assassinations, but rather the mass targeting of civilians. In the aftermath of the kidnappings, the government of nigeria requested assistance.
However, only 4 died in incidents involving fulani militants across the 70 incidents. Boko harams campaign against education and enlightenment. Possible trajectories of the boko haram conflict in nigeria. Islamiyya, or islamic state, in northeastern nigeria. Unsurprisingly, on monday, february 19, the group, whose name often translates to western education is a sin, stormed a girls school in the village of. The december 20 destruction of the nigerian air force base in maiduguri is most likely to have been a reprisal attack.
A spate of attacks in northern nigeria by the islamic extremist group boko haram prompted the condemnation of u. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the united states institute of peace, which does not advocate specific policy positions. While the full report moves toward publication, brookings asked him to publish excerpts for africa in focus, 1 explaining the emergence of boko haram, 2. Although boko haram does not carry out attacks in borno states border. State of emergency in nigeria peace at daggers drawn.
Jun 29, 2015 boko haram has been present in nigerias neighbors from its very early days and over the course of 20, 2014, and increasingly in 2015. Boko haram is evolving under the pressure of combined military operations by the lake chad basin states, cameroon, chad, niger and nigeria. Boko haram attacks and security force abuses in nigeria hrw. Nigeria s buhari under pressure over boko haram abduction, attacks nigeria s buhari under pressure over boko haram abduction, attacks on march 2. African nations join coalition to fight boko haram. The groups objective was to establish an islamic state and institutionalize sharia law in nigeria, particularly the northeast region. In july 2010, boko haram s former secondincommand, abubakar shekau, appeared in a video claiming leadership of the group and threatening attacks on western influences in nigeria. Spiraling violence boko haram attacks and security force abuses in nigeria this 98page report catalogues atrocities for which boko haram has claimed responsibility. The group has caused havoc in africas most populous country through a campaign of. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. In the tracks of boko haram in cameroon crisis group. The same year, the terrorist activity of boko haram generated no less than 6,644 deaths, the total number of related boko haram kills since the start of the insurgency in 2009 reaching the.
This study adopts poverty theory to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. The group has carried out numerous attacks since 2009, including the 2011 bombing of the u. The movement is unique in that it combines a sectarian, radical islamic agenda with violence. Boko haram was reported to have killed 380 people between april and september 2017 in the lake chad area. Boko haram is a radical islamist movement shaped by its nigerian context and reflecting nigeria s history of poor governance and extreme poverty in the north. The boko haram insurgency first appeared in maiduguri in borno state, northeast nigeria around 2002.
Nigeria, recent attacks by boko haram global coalition to. All contemporary states endeavour to ensure that human rights are. The rise of boko haram in nigeria combating terrorism. The ramping up of violent attacks on diverse civilian and military targets in nigeria by boko haram since july 2009, when it launched a shortlived antigovernment revolt, has effectively made the group a subject of interest to states, security. Many attacks now take place in states further south in the country. This attack came just days after the government of nigeria claimed there was a ceasefire with boko haram. Frequently asked questions congressional research service summary boko haram, a violent nigerian islamist movement, has grown increasingly active and deadly in its attacks against state and civilian targets in recent years, drawing on a narrative of victimization.
Nigerias buhari under pressure over boko haram abduction. In recommendation, government supposed to formulate a policy towards the solution. The boko haram debacle in nigeria ogege sam omadjohwoefe ph. Those terrible weeks in their camp 2 ascertain if some, or all, had also been abducted or if they were family members of the insurgents. Understanding nigerian citizens perspectives on boko haram. Stabilizing northeast nigeria after boko haram carnegie. The jamaaatu ahlussunnah liddawati wal jihad, popularly known as boko haram is a strong pseudoislamist terrorist group, which has its base in kanamma, northeastern nigeria. Boko haram in nigeria the latest news from al jazeera. The character and impact of attacks changed significantly in 2014, and nigeria ranked the second countries most impacted by terrorism in 2014 against the fourth position in 20.
Many people were sympathetic to boko haram and more afraid of nigerian security forces. The conflict takes place within the context of longstanding issues of religious violence between nigerias muslim and christian communities, and the insurgents ultimate aim is to establish an islamic state in the region. Militants from islamic state west africa province took over the town of baga and seized the multinational joint task force base. According to liolio 20, the successful recruitment of the people into the group. The geopolitics of boko haram and nigeria s war on terror article pdf available in geographical journal 1804 december 2014 with 2,188 reads how we measure reads. Pdf since its terror campaign began, boko harams targets had been. Figure 1 indicates that boko haram attacks started building up significantly in 20, and the total percentage of attacks is 10. However, the group shifted its focus to soft civilian targets, launching attacks on vulnerable and isolated dr freedom c.
Boko haram and islamic fundamentalism in nigeria 47 to date, boko harams attacks have become increasingly daring and lethal, from sporadic skirmishes with police and sectarian violence prior to 2009 to attacks on well guarded and heavily fortified targets such as the united nations compound in the nigerian. Jul 27, 2015 currently, boko haram seeks to overthrow the secular nigerian government and enforce antiwestern sharia based government. The state of insecurity engendered by boko haram insurgency in nigeria. Abstract boko haram, the islamic radical sect from northeastern nigeria, has been responsible since 2009 for a string of bomb attacks strategically directed at the nigerian government, security. On 2 april, a boko haram attack on the outskirts of maiduguri resulted in the death of 18 people and another 84 wounded. Boko haram, a militant group based in nigeria s northwestern states of yobe and borno, claimed responsibility. Boko harams presence is northern mali is largely a result of the groups commanders coming under pressure in northern nigeria and their need for refuge across the border.
Boko haram impacts on education in north east nigeria. It has suffered significant conventional military defeats and lost most of the territory it loosely controlled in late 2014, but, despite this, it is not a spent force and continues to exact an unacceptable humanitarian toll. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national. The psychological trauma inflicted by boko haram insurgency in the north eastern nigeria article pdf available in aggression and violent behavior 36 july 2017 with 3,152 reads.
B 1 abraka, nigeria abstract the paper examines insecurity and sustainable development in nigeria with special emphasis on the boko haram insurgency. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 3 the henry jackson society the henry jackson society is a crosspartisan thinktank based in london. Boko haram, the islamist terrorist group originating from nigeria is frightened by this enlightening power of education. In nigeria, boko haram wa s responsible for more than 80 percent of all terrorist attacks between 1970 and 201 3 for which a perpetrator group was identified, despite their relatively recent onset of violence in 2009.
Pdf the geopolitics of boko haram and nigerias war on. This paper examines the genesis of the boko haram insurgency in nigeria, its human security impact, the nature and impact of the african union aus response. Emergence of boko haram, causes, impacts of boko haram 1. The media are often referred to as the fourth estate and the. Secretary of state john kerry, as a new study reaffirms the role of poverty in encouraging youths to join the armed group. The attacks from boko haram have increased both in frequency and intensity since 2009. Abstract boko haram, the islamic radical sect from northeastern nigeria, has been responsible since 2009 for a string of bomb attacks strategically directed at the nigerian government, security officials, churches, civilians, and the u. President muhammadu buharis position on the international intervention is not different from his predecessor. Although boko haram has carried out some attacks in mali, its main focus remains northern nigeria. Boko haram attacks have been primarily concentrated in northeast nigeria, but the group has claimed responsibility for attacks across north and central nigeria. Nov 24, 2016 media caption boko haram in 60 seconds. On august 26, 2011, a suicide bomber detonated an explosivesladen vehicle at a united nations compound in nigeria s capital, abuja, killing at least 21 people. In late july 2009, boko haram waged destructive attacks on the ethnically mixed state.
Boko haram s story begins with a preacher named mohammed marwa, born in 1927. Attacks and violations in cameroons struggle with boko haram index. Pdf the cost of boko haram activities in nigeria researchgate. Nigerias herdsmenfarmers conflict six times deadlier than. The boko haram insurgency began in 2009, when the jihadist group boko haram started an armed rebellion against the government of nigeria. Explaining boko haram, nigerias islamist insurgency the. A cocin church newsletter on the ground outside the church gates after the bomb blast. In 2015 the group began calling itself islamic state in west africa. Selected activities of boko haram in nigeria the ruthlessness and massiveness of the destruction of human lives and properties in different parts of the country unquestionably put boko haram attacks as pogroms which every right thinking person must condemn and denounce. Examining the boko haram insurgency in northern nigeria and the quest for a permanent resolution of the crisis joseph olukayode akinbi ph. Boko haram troops in recent days left dozens of soldiers missing. In 2009, boko haram carried out a spate of attacks on police stations and other government buildings in maiduguri, capital of borno state. Major research paper the boko haram insurgency driving.
D department of sociology faculty of the social sciences delta state university, p. The anatomy of a crisis 10 since 2009 boko haram has become a metaphor for insecurity in nigeria after the government launched a clampdown on the group, which resulted in some 800 deaths, mostly of the sect members. Since 2009 the group has carried out largescale acts of violence. Boko haram, islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria. Recently there has been a spate of suicide attacks on churches, for which boko haram is suspected. The group has targeted teachers and schools, with more than 910 schools destroyed between 2009 and 2015, and 1,500 forced to close. And it has suffered immensely under the insurgency over the past years, particularly since 2014 when boko haram entered into open confrontation with the cameroonian government.
Boko haram and the african unions response236 had boko haram been nipped in the bud, we would not have been experiencing their contagious effect today and worse still, the loss of human lives. Now in its eighth year, the fighting in northeastern nigeria has shown little sign of respite. In september 2017, boko haram militants kidnapped about 40 young adults, women and children and killed 18 in the town of banki, km southeast of maiduguri, borno state, on the border of nigeria and cameroon. Dozens of nigerian soldiers missing after boko haram attacks.
A nigerian army convoy vehicle drives ahead with an antiaircraft gun, on its way to bama, borno state, nigeria on august 31, 2016. Renee montagne talks to comfort ero, african program director. The communities have distanced themselves from participation in the political and governmental system. Public opinion on the root causes of terrorism and objectives of. Nigerias battle with boko haram council on foreign. Likewise, deaths from boko haram s attacks represented nearly 70 percent of all fatalities from terrorist attacks in nigeria. Suspected boko haram fighters launch a dawn raid on army base in the town of damboa, sparking intense fighting. The use of women and children in suicide bombing by the. Despite the governments efforts boko haram continues to be a potent threat in rural areas and in the towns of borno state, and in some parts of yobe and adamawa states and failures to adequately protect people from boko haram attacks and slow response to distress calls have been reported see targets of violations and state protection. The region has never gained the sad notoriety of nigerias borno state, but it gradually became an important refuge for boko haram fighters in the 2000s. And where it is denied, life becomes meaningless and hopeless. Nigeria is still haunted by boko harams abduction of more than 270. The media and boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content. Jihad, commonly referred to as boko haram,1 has emerged as a violent challenger to the authority of the nigerian state.
Later that month, shekau issued a second statement expressing solidarity with alqaida and threatening the united states. Mar 11, 2015 african nations join coalition to fight boko haram chad, niger and others began an offensive against extremist fighters in nigeria. Pdf the psychological trauma inflicted by boko haram. In december, boko haram launched a series of attacks in northeast nigeria.
At least 20,000 people have been killed, thousands of others maimed in a horrific showdown between boko haram and nigeria s military in towns and villages since 2010. Pdf boko haram and human rights violation in nigeria. The united states designated boko haram a foreign terrorist organization in late 20, but at times washington has withheld military assistance pdf out of concern over nigeria s. In april 2014, the conflict rose to prominence on the international stage after boko haram kidnapped 270 schoolgirls from the northern town of chibok. D department of history, adeyemi federal university of education p. How boko haram specifically targets displaced people reliefweb. An assessment of strengths, vulnerabilities, and policy options 1 introduction the islamist group jamaatu ahl as. About 3,000 people have been killed by boko haram in nigeria since 2009, with nearly half the number killed in 2012 alone. At about age eighteen, he moved to kano, in what is today northern nigeria, and. In 20, the nigerian military intensified its campaign against boko haram. Nigerias boko haram group explained in 60 seconds bbc.
Introduction nigeria is a rich country in both human and natural resources and it has the vision of. Jul 27, 2018 lagos, nigeria cnn escalating conflict between herdsmen and farmers in nigeria is six times deadlier than boko haramrelated attacks this year, posing a great threat to the countrys stability. Federal university lafia, nigeria abstract this paper explores the humanitarian impact of terrorism in nigeria from the standpoint of boko haram insurgency. Boko haram launches series of attacks in northeast nigeria. Nigeria operates a plural media system in which both the public and privately owned media exist sidebyside. We have also seen an increase in attacks in niger, chad, and cameroon. Boko haram and islamic fundamentalism in nigeria 47 to date, boko haram s attacks have become increasingly daring and lethal, from sporadic skirmishes with police and sectarian violence prior to 2009 to attacks on well guarded and heavily fortified targets. In 2002, mohammad yusuf formed boko haram as a sunni islamist sect to oppose western education and establish an islamic state in nigeria.
Twentyfive percent 25% of attacks are directed towards private citizens and property. The attacks took place two months prior to the presidential elections in nigeria. The attacks resulted in the death of more than 180 people including large number of security personnel. In addition, government security forces have also used schools for military purposes, further reducing childrens right to education. Boko haram and the islamic states west africa province. Nigeria s militant islamist group boko haram is fighting to overthrow the government and create an islamic state. In early 2012, boko haram conducted a series of attacks in kano, northern nigeria s largest city, killing more than 100 people, then the groups deadliest strike. Boko haram activities in the northeast of nigeria have created a. Militants technically defeated buhari, bbc news, accessed july 15, 2016.
On tuesday, april 15, 2014, the terrorist organization boko haram attacked a girls school in chibok, borno state, in northern nigeria, abducting between 250300 young school girls. This is against the backdrop of the rising spate of violent attacks. Anaedozie 2016 affirmed that, considering the conservative cultural and religious underpinnings around womens decorum in nigeria, especially in the northern part, the rate at which boko haram terrorists use women and children who are mostly girls in suicide attacks depicts an exploitation of the feminine vulnerability in mendominated societies. Strategy, targets, and methods of operation posted on july 27, 2015 by whitlowzw leave your thoughts in recent reports, boko haram has created new strategies for increasing key support from the wealthy elites, specifically in nigeria and niger ogrady 2015. Our founders and supporters are united by a common interest in fostering a strong british, european, and. The attack happened in the villages of bale shuwa and bale kura, close to both maiduguri and the citys military camp. European parliament resolution of 17 july 2014 on nigeria recent attacks by boko haram 20142729rsp the european parliament, having regard to its previous resolutions on nigeria, including those of 4 july 201 and of 15 march 20122. Not only do the persistent attacks of the sect create widespread insecurity and fear, the. May 09, 2014 jideofor adibe discusses possible trajectories of the boko haram conflict in nigeria, and whether the conflict will abate, hold steady at its current patterns or accelerate. October 7, 2014 introduction boko haram, a diffuse islamist sect, has attacked nigeria s police and military, politicians, schools, religious buildings, public institutions, and civilians with. Afr 1719912015 amnesty international september 2015 7 investigation has yet to even identify those people who died, reveal the location of their bodies, or interview a number of key eyewitnesses. Chapter 3 nigerians in diaspora thinking about bokoharam. In january 2012, the sect coordinated and carried out series of deadliest bombing in kano, a largest commercial city in northern nigeria. Likewise, deaths from boko harams attacks represented nearly 70 percent of all fatalities from terrorist attacks in nigeria.